Ultrasound

The speed of sound assumed in soft tissue by diagnostic ultrasound systems is approximately:

Axial resolution primarily depends on:

Lateral resolution is determined mainly by:

Elevational (slice-thickness) resolution is improved chiefly by:

Typical soft-tissue attenuation is about:

Increasing transmit frequency generally:

The most effective initial adjustment to compensate for depth-related signal loss is:

PRF (pulse repetition frequency) mainly influences:

Aliasing in pulsed-wave Doppler occurs when:

A key advantage of continuous-wave Doppler is:

Optimal spectral Doppler angle for accurate velocity is:

Wall filter primarily removes:

Color Doppler estimates flow using:

Increasing color scale (PRF) will:

The mechanical index (MI) expresses:

The thermal index (TI) indicates:

A bright echo pattern posterior to a fluid-filled cyst is due to:

A strong dark region distal to a gallstone is caused by:

Multiple equally spaced echoes beneath a strong reflector indicate:

A curvilinear bright duplicate of the liver below the diaphragm suggests:

Comet-tail (short reverberation) is typically seen with:

Side/grating lobes most commonly cause:

A structure displayed too deep due to slower sound speed in tissue is:

Best transducer for superficial MSK imaging of tendons:

Preferred probe for deep abdominal survey in an adult:

Cardiac transthoracic echo uses which transducer type?

Frame rate in real-time B-mode is primarily increased by:

Spatial compounding mainly:

Frequency compounding chiefly:

The most specific sonographic sign of acute appendicitis is:

Gallstones are best confirmed by the combination of:

Common bile duct diameter in a non-cholecystectomized adult upper limit is approximately:

FAST exam primary acoustic windows include:

Hepatic portal vein normal flow is:

Hepatic veins typically show:

Renal artery spectral Doppler in a normal adult is:

Carotid stenosis estimation primarily relies on:

Lower-extremity DVT sonography key sign is:

OB dating in first trimester is most accurate with:

Nuchal translucency measurement is performed at:

Tissue harmonic imaging primarily improves image quality by:

The best single adjustment to depict slow venous flow that is aliasing-free is to:

What change most increases frame rate during color Doppler imaging?

Spectral Doppler angle correction should align with:

A key cause of spectral broadening in a normal vessel is:

Renal resistive index (RI) in normal adults is approximately:

Tardus–parvus waveform in the intrarenal arteries most strongly indicates:

In carotid duplex, a finding most consistent with ≥70% ICA stenosis is:

The “to-and-fro” spectral pattern at a neck connecting an anechoic sac to an artery suggests:

Acute DVT on ultrasound is best identified by:

A true varicocele is characterized by:

Testicular torsion typically shows:

The most specific sign of acute cholecystitis is:

Common bile duct post-cholecystectomy can be normal up to about:

In acute pancreatitis, the pancreas on ultrasound most often appears:

CEUS microbubble contrast agents behave primarily as:

Classic CEUS pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis is:

Portal vein thrombosis findings include:

Hepatofugal portal flow indicates:

A true AAA is defined sonographically as:

Acute appendicitis is suggested by:

Pyloric stenosis ultrasound shows:

In early pregnancy, findings concerning for ectopic include:

Ovarian torsion sonography typically shows:

A benign thyroid nodule feature is most consistent with:

A malignant thyroid nodule feature is:

Breast ultrasound benign pattern commonly includes:

Transcranial Doppler acoustic windows include:

Umbilical artery Doppler in placental insufficiency may show:

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler with brain-sparing demonstrates:

Placenta previa is best confirmed by:

For first-trimester safety, recommended practice is to:

Elastography: strain vs shear-wave—key difference?

Edge shadowing at fluid-filled structures (e.g., gallbladder) is due to:

The best transducer for interventional US-guided central line in ICU is:

Speed-of-sound error leads to structures displayed:

The most effective way to reduce clutter from respiratory motion in liver Doppler is:

A dialysis AV fistula with failure to mature commonly shows:

For superficial abscess evaluation, ultrasound typically demonstrates:

Persistent aliasing in PW Doppler despite high PRF and angle-correct suggests:

Which Doppler mode is most sensitive for detecting slow flow in small vessels?

For ultrasound-guided procedures, which needle approach provides continuous visualization of the shaft and tip?

A rapidly alternating mosaic of color behind a bright echogenic focus on color Doppler most likely represents:

To preserve microbubbles during CEUS and visualize perfusion, you should use:

The most specific sonographic sign of pneumothorax on lung ultrasound is:

On M-mode of a normal lung, the seashore sign indicates:

Typical B-mode appearance of a cavernous hemangioma in a non-cirrhotic liver is:

Classic ultrasound sign of ileocolic intussusception in a child is:

Sonographic criterion most consistent with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is:

Typical finding in acute epididymitis on Doppler ultrasound is:

A spiral “whirlpool” of color flow in the spermatic cord is most suggestive of:

Hashimoto thyroiditis most commonly appears as:

In thyroid nodules, which feature is most suspicious for malignancy?

A simple breast cyst on ultrasound should demonstrate:

During lower limb venous duplex, lack of flow augmentation in the femoral vein with calf compression suggests:

Color Doppler showing a bidirectional “yin–yang” pattern within a sac adjacent to an artery is typical of:

In shear-wave elastography of the liver, increasing fibrosis primarily:

A full-thickness rotator cuff tear typically shows:

An acute Achilles tendon rupture on ultrasound most often appears as:

A Baker (popliteal) cyst typically arises between:

A typical parathyroid adenoma on neck ultrasound is:

Sonographic signs of hepatic steatosis include:

Marked pulsatility in the portal vein Doppler is most consistent with:

A “spoke-wheel” central arterial pattern on color Doppler in a liver lesion suggests:

Gallbladder polyp vs stone—what favors a polyp?

Concurrent dilation of the CBD and pancreatic duct (“double-duct sign”) most strongly raises concern for:

Hydronephrosis on ultrasound is best described as:

A wedge-shaped peripheral hypoechoic lesion in the spleen most likely represents:

A well-defined anechoic or complex cystic mass adjacent to the pancreas weeks after pancreatitis suggests:

After EVAR, color flow within the excluded aneurysm sac indicates:

Correct plane/landmarks for BPD measurement are:

A key grayscale/color Doppler sign of placenta accreta spectrum is:

A hemorrhagic ovarian cyst typically shows:

Proper technique to measure endometrial thickness is:

Which finding most strongly supports ectopic pregnancy on ultrasound?

Graves disease Doppler commonly shows:

A simple breast cyst is typically assigned which BI-RADS category?

A normal peripheral arterial Doppler waveform at rest is:

Sonographic features suggestive of carotid artery dissection include:

Multiple vertical, laser-like B-lines arising from the pleura that erase A-lines are most consistent with: