Physiology

What is the alveolar gas equation used to estimate PAO₂?

Which variable most directly decreases PaCO₂ in the alveolar ventilation equation?

Which change shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, enhancing O₂ unloading?

What is the Haldane effect?

What is the arterial oxygen content (CaO₂) formula?

Which factor primarily determines delivery of oxygen (DO₂) to tissues?

Which condition reduces FRC most in an anesthetized adult?

Which statement about shunt is true?

In pulmonary embolism, the ETCO₂–PaCO₂ gradient typically:

What best describes West zone 1 of the lung?

Which intervention most increases FRC intraoperatively?

Which change most increases airway resistance in turbulent flow?

What is the definition of lung compliance?

What is the time constant of a lung unit?

How does PEEP affect cardiac output?

Which factor most increases physiologic dead space (V_D/V_T)?

Which statement about hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is correct?

Which variable best reflects oxygen extraction at the systemic level?

What is the primary determinant of CO₂ elimination during anesthesia?

Which condition shifts the oxyhemoglobin curve to the left?

What is the Bohr effect?

Which variable most affects alveolar oxygen tension at constant barometric pressure?

Which has the largest impact on CaO₂ in a stable patient?

Which consequence is most typical of atelectasis under general anesthesia?

How does hyperventilation affect intracranial pressure (ICP) acutely?

Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is defined as:

Which factor most increases closing capacity relative to FRC?

What is the expected effect of anemia (with normal CO) on PaO₂?

Which scenario most increases physiologic shunt?

Which statement about capnography is correct?

Which condition increases airway resistance most in laminar flow?

During one-lung ventilation, which measure best improves oxygenation first?

Which statement about CO poisoning is true?

Which acid–base change is typical after prolonged vomiting?

Which physiologic effect follows rapid ascent to altitude without acclimatization?

In acute severe asthma, which change is most concerning?

Which variable most accurately reflects alveolar ventilation adequacy?

Which physiologic effect is expected with pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopy?

Which describes the normal effect of anesthetic induction on HPV?

Which statement about SvO₂ vs ScvO₂ is correct?

Under normal conditions, which gas transfer is diffusion-limited across the alveolar–capillary membrane?

Which intervention physiologically increases diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO)?

What is lung elastance?

How can excessive PEEP impair right ventricular function?

In a mechanically ventilated, sinus-rhythm patient, which threshold best predicts fluid responsiveness?

Which pregnancy-related change in respiratory physiology is expected at term?

Which change most reduces coronary perfusion to the left ventricle?

Which cause of metabolic acidosis produces a normal anion gap?

What arterial blood gas pattern is common early in acute pulmonary embolism?

Which cause of hypoxemia typically presents with a normal A–a gradient?

Over what MAP range is cerebral autoregulation generally maintained in healthy adults?

Which variable most rapidly and strongly modulates cerebral blood flow?

What characterizes the lung apex at FRC?

Which maneuver primarily reduces intrapulmonary shunt during anesthesia?

According to the Fick principle, cardiac output equals:

Which formula estimates physiologic dead space fraction (Bohr equation/Enghoff modification)?

In pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV), which parameter is set by the clinician?

In volume-controlled ventilation (VCV), increasing which setting most directly lowers PaCO₂?

On the flow–time waveform, what indicates auto-PEEP?

Which setting most increases mean airway pressure and oxygenation (other factors constant)?

Where is airway resistance normally greatest?

During positive-pressure inspiration, which preload change occurs first?

Over which arterial pressure range do the kidneys autoregulate renal blood flow?

What is the gold standard substance for measuring GFR?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption primarily by:

Where is the majority of filtered bicarbonate reabsorbed?

Which formula estimates expected PaCO₂ in metabolic acidosis (respiratory compensation)?

Massive transfusion–related hypocalcemia primarily results from:

According to Starling forces, which change most promotes edema formation?

Which plasma protein contributes most to colloid oncotic pressure?

What is the most common cause of rapid core hypothermia after induction?

Which cardiovascular change is typical in normal pregnancy?

Which respiratory change is characteristic of obesity in the supine position?

Which feature predisposes neonates to rapid desaturation during apnea?

Which age-related respiratory change most contributes to hypoxemia in the elderly?

How does hypothermia affect cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO₂)?

Which receptor mediates the ventilatory response to hypoxemia (PaO₂ < ~60 mmHg)?

Which statement about hepatic blood supply is correct?

Which myocardial layer is most vulnerable to ischemia during tachycardia and hypotension?

In systemic shock, what does a rising serum lactate primarily indicate?

At a constant minute ventilation, what is the effect of increasing dead space (V_D)?

What is the Hamburger (chloride) shift?

Which change most increases the elastic (stretch) work of breathing?

In chronic CO₂ retainers, which stimulus primarily sustains ventilatory drive?

Best test to detect carbon monoxide poisoning perioperatively?

In early distributive (septic) shock, why can SvO₂ be elevated despite hypoperfusion?

At which lung volume is pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) minimal?

Which change increases intracranial pressure (ICP) most predictably?

Which anesthetic state best preserves coupling between CBF and CMRO₂?

Which nephron segment is impermeable to water and generates dilute tubular fluid?

Where is the greatest fraction of filtered sodium reabsorbed?

Aldosterone’s principal renal effect is to:

Expected renal compensation for **acute** respiratory acidosis (per +10 mmHg PaCO₂) is:

Expected renal compensation for **chronic** respiratory alkalosis (per −10 mmHg PaCO₂) is:

What is insulin’s acute effect on serum potassium?

What is the predominant mechanism of intraoperative heat loss in adults?