Physics, Equipment & Monitoring

What is the normal hospital pipeline pressure delivered to the anesthesia machine?

Why does the pipeline normally supply gas instead of a connected cylinder?

Which safety system prevents misconnections of wall hoses to the machine?

Which safety system prevents attaching the wrong gas cylinder to the yoke?

Which oxygen analyzer type has the fastest response time in modern machines?

Where should the oxygen analyzer be placed to detect a pipeline crossover delivering hypoxic gas?

What is the flow range of the oxygen flush valve?

During manual/spontaneous ventilation, which component controls peak circuit pressure?

Modern electric ventilators with fresh gas decoupling help prevent which risk when the O₂ flush is pressed during inspiration?

Which Mapleson circuit is most efficient for **spontaneous** ventilation?

Which Mapleson circuit is most efficient for **controlled** ventilation?

Which test checks the integrity of the inner fresh-gas limb in a Bain circuit?

Which volatile agent requires a heated, pressurized vaporizer distinct from variable-bypass types?

Variable-bypass vaporizers function by:

Which statement about sevoflurane and absorbers is true?

Which absorbent minimizes carbon monoxide and compound A formation?

What is the primary indicator of exhausted CO₂ absorbent?

With an incompetent expiratory unidirectional valve, capnography most likely shows:

A sudden fall of ETCO₂ to near zero with persistent ECG and pulse oximetry suggests:

Which capnogram pattern is typical of bronchospasm?

Which two wavelengths are used in standard pulse oximetry?

How does methemoglobinemia affect pulse oximetry?

Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) typically causes pulse oximetry to:

In oscillometric NIBP, using a cuff that is too small will:

Which arterial line waveform change suggests overdamping?

What is the most reliable indicator of correct pulmonary artery wedge position?

Which monitor is required by basic anesthesia standards for ventilation?

The fail-safe (oxygen pressure sensor) device primarily:

The hypoxic guard (proportioning system) typically:

What is the critical temperature of nitrous oxide and why is it important?

Approximately how much oxygen does a full E-cylinder contain at 2000 psi?

Approximately how much nitrous oxide does a full E-cylinder contain?

What physical principle explains cooling and frost on cylinders during rapid gas release?

In a circle system, where is the APL valve located?

The most sensitive method to detect a hypoxic gas delivery is:

Which flowmeter arrangement minimizes risk of a hypoxic mixture from a downstream leak?

Which ventilator alarm best detects a circuit disconnect in volume control?

Which BIS range is commonly targeted for general anesthesia?

Which dye can cause a transient drop in pulse oximeter reading after IV administration?

What is the best early indicator of CO₂ absorbent exhaustion on the capnogram?

Rotameters (flowmeters) operate on which physical principle?

Which test best detects leaks in the low-pressure system (flow control valves → CGO), including across vaporizers?

Which component belongs to the anesthesia machine’s **low-pressure system**?

What is the primary purpose of the vaporizer interlock system?

Filling a sevoflurane vaporizer with isoflurane will most likely cause:

In machines **without** fresh-gas decoupling, increasing fresh gas flow during VCV tends to:

What is a known drawback of sidestream capnography in neonates/small infants?

At **low** flows in a flowmeter, which property most determines measured flow?

The first-stage regulator on the O₂ hanger yoke primarily:

Which statement about oxygen failure alarms is TRUE?

The primary function of a scavenging **interface** is to:

Active scavenging systems are characterized by:

Which change most favors **laminar** flow in the circuit?

The most reliable way to detect an oxygen pipeline **crossover** is:

Which event is most consistent with **inner-limb disconnection** in a Bain circuit?

What is the chief hazard of pressing the O₂ flush during inspiration on a non-decoupled ventilator?

Which gas is **not** measured by infrared spectroscopy in standard OR gas analyzers?

Which artifact can cause **under-reading** or erratic ETCO₂ in sidestream systems?

The most sensitive ECG lead for detecting intraoperative myocardial ischemia is:

Proper transducer leveling for arterial pressure measures at the:

The **square-wave test** that shows overshoot and multiple oscillations indicates:

Measuring NIBP over clothing or with a too-small cuff typically:

For accurate arterial pressure, you should **zero** the transducer:

During low perfusion/vasoconstriction, which pulse oximeter site is often more reliable?

Which intraoperative temperature site best reflects **brain** temperature with an ETT in place?

Which strategy best minimizes pacemaker/ICD interference from electrocautery?

A line isolation monitor (LIM) alarm means:

Which current is most likely to induce VF via **intracardiac** catheters (microshock)?

Key safety step before external defibrillation in an oxygen-rich field is to:

In the MRI suite, the most critical hazard for anesthesia equipment is:

Which implanted device is generally **contraindicated** in MRI unless MR-conditional and properly managed?

In ultrasound, increasing transducer **frequency** will:

Doppler velocity estimation is most accurate at which insonation angle?

Aliasing on pulsed-wave Doppler occurs when:

Which ultrasound artifact produces **posterior acoustic enhancement**?

An absolute contraindication to TEE is:

Which is the most reliable sign of correct tracheal intubation immediately after placement?

At high altitude with a variable-bypass vaporizer, dialing the same **vol%** results in:

The Tec-6 style desflurane vaporizer primarily maintains:

In suspected oxygen pipeline crossover, the **first** corrective action is to:

Which capnography configuration provides the fastest response with no sampling-gas loss?

What is the earliest capnography sign of malignant hyperthermia under constant ventilation?

What endpoint best confirms effective preoxygenation before induction?

Which monitor is most sensitive for detecting venous air embolism intraoperatively?

Which gas supports combustion and should be avoided when fire risk is high in airway surgery?

An incompetent inspiratory unidirectional valve most typically causes which capnogram change?

Increasing the pulse oximeter averaging time primarily:

Approximate FiO₂ delivered by a nasal cannula at 2 L/min in a resting adult is:

With a well-sealed nonrebreather mask at high flow (e.g., 15 L/min), the maximal FiO₂ is approximately:

Which gas law states that total pressure equals the sum of partial pressures of component gases?

What feature in variable-bypass vaporizers compensates for temperature-dependent vaporization changes?

Which factor most commonly causes falsely low SpO₂ readings on pulse oximetry?

Which action best reduces an underdamped arterial line waveform with exaggerated systolic peaks?

What pressure should the arterial line pressure bag be maintained at?

How should the anesthesia machine’s oxygen analyzer be calibrated pre-case?

Which law relates the amount of gas dissolved in liquid to its partial pressure at a constant temperature?