Paediatrics (core GS scope)

Projectile, non-bilious vomiting in a 4-week-old boy with visible peristalsis. Most specific lab abnormality?

Best initial imaging test for suspected hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

Definitive treatment for HPS after resuscitation/correction of electrolytes?

6-month-old with intermittent colicky pain, drawing legs up, “currant jelly” stool. Most likely diagnosis?

Preferred initial management of stable ileocecal intussusception without peritonitis?

Bilious vomiting in a neonate with hemodynamic stability. Best immediate imaging?

Confirmed malrotation with midgut volvulus. Standard operation?

Delayed meconium passage (>48 h), abdominal distension in term neonate; rectal exam releases blast of stool. Next best test?

Gold standard diagnostic feature in Hirschsprung disease biopsy?

Late preterm neonate with abdominal distension, bloody stools, pneumatosis intestinalis on X-ray. Diagnosis?

Initial management of NEC without perforation?

2-year-old with painless lower GI bleeding, normal vitals. Best first test?

Indication to resect incidentally found Meckel’s diverticulum?

Neonate with scaphoid abdomen, severe respiratory distress, mediastinal shift; CXR shows bowel in chest. Diagnosis?

Initial stabilization priority in CDH (Bochdalek) at birth?

Term neonate with excess salivation, choking/cyanosis on feeds; NG tube coils on CXR. Diagnosis?

Immediate management step for suspected EA/TEF awaiting surgery?

Infant with persistent jaundice, acholic stools, dark urine at 6 weeks. Most likely surgical diagnosis?

Best initial imaging for suspected biliary atresia?

Choledochal cyst common presentation/management in child?

Newborn with “double bubble” on X-ray and no distal gas. Diagnosis?

Newborn with bilious emesis and abdominal distension; contrast enema shows microcolon. Likely cause?

First-line therapy for uncomplicated meconium ileus?

Umbilical defect with eviscerated bowel not covered by membrane. Diagnosis?

Initial management priority in gastroschisis at birth?

Midline abdominal wall defect with herniated viscera covered by membrane and associated anomalies. Diagnosis?

Toddler with painful scrotal swelling after viral prodrome; Doppler shows absent flow. Diagnosis and action?

Undescended testis (cryptorchidism) persisting at 6–9 months corrected age. Management?

Infant with persistent vomiting, failure to thrive; CXR shows “scaphoid abdomen” and bowel in chest—already stabilized. Timing of CDH repair?

Child with RUQ pain after minor trauma; ultrasound shows grade III splenic laceration, stable vitals. Best management?

10-year-old with appendicitis. Which is true vs adults?

Preferred antibiotic strategy for perforated pediatric appendicitis after source control?

5-year-old with persistent umbilical drainage and erythema; imaging shows tract to bladder. Diagnosis?

2-week-old with bilious emesis and abdominal distension; AXR shows multiple dilated loops, rectum gasless; contrast enema shows transition zone in rectosigmoid. Diagnosis?

Child with “sail sign” anterior mediastinal mass and stridor worse supine; biopsy planned. Key preop caution?

Toddler with suspected non-accidental trauma (NAT). Surgical priority?

Infant burns (scald). Which is true for resuscitation?

Inguinal hernia in premature infant—timing of repair?

8-year-old with RUQ pain, fever, positive Murphy sign; ultrasound shows thickened gallbladder and stones. Best management?

12-year-old with persistent gastroesophageal reflux and failure of medical therapy; normal gastric emptying; large sliding hiatal hernia. Best operation?

Infant with imperforate anus; no visible anal opening, meconium at the vestibule. Best initial imaging to define level?

High anorectal malformation in a male neonate with fistula to urethra. Standard staged management?

Hirschsprung disease after leveling colostomy—definitive operation?

Post–pyloromyotomy vomiting on POD1, vitals stable and hydrated. Best step?

Recurrent ileocecal intussusception after successful air enema reduction. Next step?

Neonate with bilious emesis; upper GI shows malrotation with midgut volvulus. Post-Ladd counseling includes:

H-type (isolated) tracheoesophageal fistula—best diagnostic test?

Toddler swallowed a button battery lodged in the esophagus on X-ray. Management?

Child swallows two small magnets seen in different bowel loops. Management?

4-year-old girl with incarcerated inguinal hernia; ultrasound shows ovary in the sac. Best management?

Communicating hydrocele in a 3-year-old boy—management?

Testicular appendage torsion vs testicular torsion—key distinguishing feature?

Thyroglossal duct cyst classic exam finding and operation?

Branchial cleft cyst typical location and initial management when infected?

Infantile hemangioma threatening vision/airway—first-line medical therapy?

Necrotizing enterocolitis—surgical indications?

Meconium peritonitis on prenatal ultrasound (calcifications, ascites). Postnatal approach?

Umbilical granuloma persistent after cord separation. Treatment?

Pediatric splenic injury managed nonoperatively—activity restrictions?

Short bowel syndrome in a child after NEC resections—cornerstones of long-term care?