Imaging, Diagnostics & Physiology

Best imaging to evaluate the upper urinary tract in high‑risk hematuria (e.g., smoker >35 with gross hematuria)?

Most sensitive first‑line imaging for suspected ureteral stone in a non‑pregnant adult?

On renal ultrasound, a finding most consistent with hydronephrosis is:

Best nuclear medicine study to detect renal cortical scarring?

Best study to assess drainage and differential renal function in suspected obstruction?

Sequence most critical for detecting clinically significant prostate cancer on mpMRI?

Which statement about PSA and 5‑alpha‑reductase inhibitors is correct?

Purpose of TRUS in prostate evaluation that directly impacts biopsy targeting?

Best test to visualize bladder tumors directly?

Urine cytology has highest sensitivity for which urothelial lesion?

Preferred imaging for suspected testicular tumor?

Classic Doppler finding in testicular torsion is:

Which stone type is typically radiolucent on KUB but visible on CT?

Hounsfield units (HU) on CT help predict stone hardness; which HU suggests a hard, SWL‑resistant stone?

Feature of upper tract urothelial carcinoma on CTU is:

In diuretic renography, a T1/2 drainage time >20 minutes despite good function suggests:

Best initial imaging for suspected urethral stricture before definitive treatment planning?

Uroflowmetry pattern that suggests bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) is:

Most accurate noninvasive way to measure post‑void residual (PVR) in clinic?

Renal Doppler resistive index (RI) considered elevated/abnormal is approximately:

Gadolinium contrast in MRI should be used cautiously or avoided in:

Best test to confirm vesicoureteral reflux?

Which imaging best confirms ureteral injury level when CTU is equivocal?

Penile duplex Doppler parameters consistent with normal arterial inflow after ICI are approximately: